Genetics
Genetics
Calculators & Tools
Trihybrid Cross Calculator Punnett Square
The Trihybrid Cross Calculator determines all offspring genotype and phenotype frequencies for a cross involving three independently assorting genetic traits. It applies Mendel's laws to compute the 64-cell Punnett square result and returns the classic 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 phenotype ratio under complete dominance. Use it for advanced genetics coursework, three-locus breeding predictions, and Mendelian inheritance problems involving three simultaneous traits.
Dihybrid Cross Calculator Punnett Square
The Dihybrid Cross Calculator generates a 16-cell Punnett square for a cross involving two independently assorting genetic traits and returns the expected genotype and phenotype ratios for the offspring. It accepts any combination of dominant and recessive alleles for two loci and applies Mendel's law of independent assortment. Use it for genetics coursework, Mendelian inheritance problems, and breeding predictions involving two traits.
qPCR Efficiency Calculator
The qPCR Efficiency Calculator computes the amplification efficiency of a quantitative PCR assay from the slope of a standard curve, using the formula E equals (10 to the power of minus 1 divided by slope) minus 1. It also evaluates whether the efficiency falls within the acceptable range for reliable quantification. Use it to validate new primer pairs, troubleshoot qPCR assays, and confirm that efficiency corrections are needed before comparative Ct analysis.
Punnett Square Calculator
The Punnett Square Calculator generates monohybrid and dihybrid Punnett squares from any parental genotype combination and returns the expected offspring genotype and phenotype frequencies. It supports complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance inheritance patterns. Use it for genetics coursework, breeding predictions, and understanding inheritance probabilities for single and two-gene crosses.
Allele Frequency Calculator
The Allele Frequency Calculator computes the frequency of each allele at a genetic locus from observed genotype counts in a population sample. It also tests whether the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by comparing observed and expected genotype frequencies. Use it for population genetics coursework, conservation biology, evolutionary analysis, and clinical genetics to assess allele prevalence in a defined group.
DNA Copy Number Calculator
The DNA Copy Number Calculator determines the number of DNA molecule copies in a sample from the mass of DNA and the molecular weight of the target sequence. It applies Avogadro's number to convert mass to molecule count, supporting copy number calculations for plasmids, PCR products, and genomic DNA fragments. Use it to prepare absolute quantification standards for qPCR, set up ligation reactions, and calculate gene copies per cell.